Industrial growth in India

Industrial Growth in India between the late 19th century & 20th century;

1) The early cotton mills produced coarse yarn rather than fabric beacuse they wanted to avoid competition with Manchestor goods in Indian market.

2) When swadeshi movement gathered momentum,
a)people boycotted foreign cloth.
b)Industrial groups were united & organized themselves.
c)They put pressure on Govt. to impose high tariff on imported goods so that they become costlier & their demand falls.
d)They pressurized Govt. to grant more concessions.
e)As a result the export of indian yarn to China declined.
3) Therefore cotton goods production in India doubled between 1900 & 1912

4) Industrial growth was slow till the first world war but during the first world war it increased manifold.

Industries in India

Setting up of industries in India;

1) In India industries were set up in different regions by rich businessmen.

2) a)Many businessmen had helped the British in trade of opium with China.
b) They had earned a lot through trade.
c) They had visions of setting up industrial enterprises in India.
e.g.Dwarkanath Tagore in Bengal & Dinshaw petit in Bombay.

3) a) The first cotton textile mill was estd. by Kawasji Nanabhai in Bombay in 1853.
b) The first jute mill was estd. at Rishra in Bengal in 1855.
c) The first Iron & Steel industry was set up by Jamshedjee Tata at Jamshedpur which started commercial production in 1912
d) In 1925 The Burma oil co: estd. a petrol refinery at Digboi in Assam.

4) Businessmen collected capital through other networks e.g. through trade with Burma,the middle east,& East Africa.

5) Some commercial groups operated in India ,earned money, which they later invested in setting up factories.

6) European managing agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries till the first world war.

Migration of workers;

1) Workers came to work in industries from the neighbouring districts e.g. over 50 % workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from neighbouring district of Ratnagiri.

2)Peasants & artsans who had no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work.

3)Workers travelled long distances in the hope of work in the mills. e.g. workers went to work in the textile mills of Bombay & in jute mills of Calcutta from the United provinces.

Competition with British goods

It was difficult for indians to compete with British cotton goods because ;

a)British cotton goods were produced by machines at lower costs.

b) Therfore they were cheaper than the indian goods.

c) Indian weavers could not get sufficient supplies of raw cotton of good quality
because it was exported to Britain at a much cheaper rate than its mkt. price.

Increase in the export of raw cotton from India & difficult for Indians to compete with British cotton goods because;

With the outbreak of American civil war --

a) cotton supplies from USA were cut off.

b) Britain started importing raw cotton from India.

c) Weavers in India could not get raw cotton in sufficient supply.

d) They were forced to buy raw cotton at high rates.

e) Weaving was no longer profitable for the indian weaver.

Clash between the weavers & gomasthas

There were clashes between weavers & gomasthas because;

1) The gomasthas were outsiders & had no social link with villages.

2) a)They were arrogant.
b) They marchedinto village with sepoys & peons.
c) They punished weavers for delay in supply.

3) The weavers could not sell their cloth to other buyers becuse they had to sell to the company due to the loans they took from them.

4) They had to accept the price offered by the company to them, although it was very low.

Reasons for the decline of textile exports from India;

1) Textile indusrial groups in Britain did not want any competition from outside therefore they put pressure on the Govt. to impose duty on textiles imported from India to Britain so that they become costlier in Britain 7 have few buyers.

2) They also pursuaded the East India Co: to sell British products in indian market.

3) Therfore cotton manufacturers faced problems from both sides,

a)Their exports to Britain declined.
b)The domestic market was flooded with British products.

East India Company

The East India Company took folowing steps to procure regular supplies of cotton & silk from indian weavers.

1) a)The company secured the monopoly rights over indian trade,
b) Eliminated existing traders.
c) Established direct control over the weavers.

2) a) East India Co: appointed a paid servant called the Gomasthas.
b) They suprervised over weavers.
c) Collected supplies.
d) Examined the quality of cloth.

3) a) The East India Co: made advance payment to the weavers,
to purchase raw material for their production.

4) The weavers had to hand over the cloth to Gomasthas,
they could not sell the cloth in any other market.

The port of Surat

1) The export trade controlled by indian merchants was breaking down by 1850s.
2) European companie gained power,
They got concessions from local courts
& secured monopoly rights over trade.
3) local banks went bankrupt & the loans Which provided finance for trade by indian merchants were no longer available.
4) Therfore the old ports of Surat & Hoogly declined
& the new port of Bombay & Calcutta grew.

The life of workers in late 19th century

The abundance of labourers affected the life of workers because--

1)There were ltd. job opportunities.Job seekers had to spend nights in night shelters or under bridges for many weeks waiting for jobs.
People having social connections got the jobs early.
2)In many industries, due to seasonal nature of work there were long periods of unemployment.
3)Due to rising prices,the real value(the purchasing power) of the wages declined.
4)The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of machines.

It was only after1840s that there were greater employment opportunities due to rise in bldg.activities in cities.

Women workers in britain attacked spinning jenny because--

1)Spinning Jenny invented by James Hargreaves speeded up the spinning process & reduced demand for labour.
2)Women workers were surviving on spinning by hand.
3)The fear of unemployment made them hostile to machines therefore they attacked spinning jenny.

Preference for hand labour

Industrialists preferred hand labour to machine because--

1)In 19th century labour was abundant therefore wages were low.
2)Machines required large capital investment.
3)In breweries & gas workthe demand for labour was seasonal therfore they preferred hand labour.
4)Intricate design & specific shapes required special human skills & not the machines e.g. in Britain of 19th century ,500 varieties of hammer & 45 kinds of axes were produced.
5)Upper classes like aristocrats & bourgeoise preferred handmade goods.
6)Hand made goods were better finished,refined, classey,& carefully designed.Machine made goods were for exports to the colonies.

Slow acceptance of machines

Slow pace of introductionof machines

1)New technology was expensive whereas hand labour was abundant & cheap.
2)The machines often broke down & maintenance cost was high.
3)The machines were not as effective as claimed by their inventors & manufacturers.
4)The fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the introduction of machines.

COTTON INDUSTRY

Cotton Textile industry

Cotton textile industry was the 1st to develop in the era of factory production Because--
1)A series of inventions in the 18th century improved each step of the production process e. g. carding,twisting,spinning,rolling.
2)They increased the productivity.
3)Stronger threads & yarns were produced with the help of machines.
4)Costly new machines could be purchased, set up & maintained in the mill.
5)All the processes were brought together under ONE roof & management in the mill.
6)This allowed more careful supervision of the production process, a watch over quality & regulation of the labour.

The Indutrialization process

1)The most dynamic industries in Britain were cotton & metals.
2)In the 1st phase of industrialization upto 1840s ,cotton industry developed
3)& after that iron & steel industry led the waywith the expansion of railways etc..

New industries could not easily displace the traditional industries--

1)Only 20% of the total workforce was employed in the advanced industries.
2)& 80% were engaged in the traditional industries.
3)Ordinary& small innovations were the basis of growth in many non mechanised sections such as food processing ,building.pottery etc..
4)Technological changes occured slowly as the new technology was expensive & was not as effective as their inventors claimed.

THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

In Britain proto-industrialization was the phase when--
1)Tthere were no factories using mechanical power.
2)Industries were run with the help of human labour.
3)This system was controlled bythe merchants.
4)Goods were produced by producers working in their familyfarms & not in factories.

It was difficult for merchants to set up their business in towns because--
1)Urban crafts & trade guild associations were powerful & did not let new people enter their their trade.
2)Besides rulers granted monopoly rights to different guilds to produce& trade in specific goods.

Therfore the new merchants turned to the countryside.--
1)The merchants provided advance to the peasants to produce goods for them.
2)The peasants could remain in the countryside.
3)They could continue to cultivate crops on their small plots besides working for the merchants.
4)This supplemented their meagre income from cultivation.
5)This also helped them to make full use of their family labour resources.

Merchants were based in towns but the work was done mostly in the countryside.

1)A merchant dealing in cloths purchased wool from wool stapler & carried it to the spinners,the 2)yarn that was spun was taken to weavers,fullers & then to dyers.
3)The finishing was done in London.
4)& then the export merchant sold it in the international mkt..
Thus their was a network of commercial exchanges.

Cotton Textile industry

Cotton textile industry was the 1st to develop in the era of factory production Because
1)A series of inventions in the 18th century improved each step of the production process e. g. carding,twisting,spinning,rolling.
2)They increased the productivity.
3)Stronger threads & yarns were produced with the help of machines.
4)Costly new machines could be purchased, set up & maintained in the mill.
5)All the processes were brought together under ONE roof & management in the mill.
6)This allowed more careful supervision of the production process, a watch over quality & regulation of the labour.
The Indutrialization process

1)The most dynamic industries in Britain were cotton & metals.
2)In the 1st phase of industrialization upto 1840s ,cotton industry developed
3)& after that iron & steel industry led the waywith the expansion of railways etc..

New industries could not easily displace the traditional industries

1)Only 20% of the total workforce was employed in the advanced industries
2)& 80% were engaged in the traditional industries.
3)Ordinary& small innovations were the basis of growth in many non mechanised sections such as food processing ,building.pottery etc..
4)Technological changes occured slowly as the new technology was expensive & was not as effective as their inventors claimed.

Vernacular press&Nationalism

VERNACULAR PRESS ACT
1) Vernaculr press Act was passed in 1878 modelled on the Irish press laws.
2) It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
3) The govt. kept regular track of newspapers and if a report was judged seditious, the newspaper was warned.
4) If the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.

THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA
1) Print culture played an important role in the growth of nationalism in India.
Vernacular newspapers became nationalist; Although the Vernacular Press Act was passed, nationalist newspapers grew in number in all parts of India.
2) They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.
3) There were protests all over India when Balgangadhar Tilak was imprisoned for his articles in Kesari.
4) People all over India became aware of the Colonial misrule.
Thus print media helped to instill the feeling of nationalism among Indians.

Women,Poor,reformers & the Print culture

WOMEN AND PRINT CULTURE
1) With the spread of print culture ,womens' reading increased due to education at home and later on in womens' schools.
2)Women wrote books about their problems.
3) It was basically the print culture which helped the women.
4)Novels in urdu ,tamil,bengali and marathi were published.

POOR AND PRINT CULTURE
1) In the 19th century, with the spread of education reading had increased among the poor people also.
2) Cheap small books were published for them.
3) Public libraries were set up expanding the access to books.
4) The problems of the poor people began to be written and published e.g. Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustices of caste system in Gulamgiri.
5) The books highlighting the exploitation of the poor people were read all over India.
6) Social reformers tried to improve the condition of poor workers through print.

Reformers and Print Culture
1) In the 19th century, printing helped the social and religious reformers bring reforms in the Indian Society.
2) They took up the matter like widow immolation, monotheism, priest hood, idolatry, caste system etc. through books, newspapers, journals and magazines.
3) In North India muslims published thousands of fatwas telling readers how to conduct themselves in everyday life and explained the meaning of Islamic doctrine.
4) Religious and social reformers could spread their message to a wide circle of people through print media. This encouraged discussions and debates in the society.

women,Poor & the Print culture

ULLAMA
1)Ulama were the legal scholars of islam and sharia .
2)they were deeply anxious about thye collapse of muslim dynasty
3)to counter their fear. they used cheap lithograohic presses, published by persian and urdu translation of holy scriptures and printed religious newspaper and tracts.
4)the deo band seminary publisged thousand of fatwas telling muslim readers how to conduct themself in their every day life and explained the meaning of islamic doctraines.
WOMEN AND PRINT CULTURE

1) With the spread of print culture ,womens reading increased due to education at home and later on women's school.
2)Womens writes books about their problem.
3) It was basically the print the print culture which helped the women
4)Novels in urdu ,tamil,bengali and marathi were published.

POOR AND PRINT CULTURE

1) In the 19th century, with the spread if education reading had increased among the poor people also.
2) Cheap small books were published for them.
3) Public libraries were set up expanding the access to books.
4) The problems of the poor people began to be written and published. For eg. Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustices of caste system in Gulamgiri.
5) The books highlighting the exploitation of the poor people were read all over India.
6) Social reformers tried to improve the condition of poor workers through print.

Reformers and Print Culture

1) In the 19th century, printing helped the social and religious reformers to bring reforms in the Indian Society.
2) They took up the matter like widow immolation, monotheism, priest hood idolatry, caste system etc. through books, newspapers, journals and magazines.
3) In North India muslims published thousands of fatwas telling readers how to conduct themselves in everyday life and explained the meaning of Islamic doctrine.
4) Religious and social reformers could spread their message to a wide circle of people through print media. This encouraged discussions and debates in the society.
VERNACULAR PRESS ACT
1) Vernaculr Act was passed in 1878 modelled on the Irish press laws.
2) It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
3) The govt. kept regular track of newspapers and if a reports was judeged seditious, the newspaper was warned.
4) If the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA
1) Print culture played an important role in the growth of nationalism in India,Vernacular newspapers became nationalist; Although the Vernacular Press Act was passed, nationalist newspapers grew in number, in all parts of India.
2) They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.
3) Theere were protests all over India When Balgangadhar Tilak was imprisoned for his articles in Kesari.
4) People all over India became aware of the Colonial misrule.
Thus print media helped to instill the feeling of nationalism among Indians.

ULAMAS

ULLAMA
1)Ulamas were the legal scholars of islam and sharia .
2)They were deeply anxious about thye collapse of muslim dynasty
3)To counter their fear. they used cheap lithograohic presses, published by persian and urdu translation of holy scriptures and printed religious newspaper and tracts.
4)The deo band seminary published thousands of fatwas telling muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their every day life and explained the meaning of islamic doctrines

INNOVATIONS

INNOVATION MADE IN PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
1)Richard M. Hoe of New york had perfected the power driven cylindrical press which could print 8000 sheets per hour.
2)The offset press was developed which could print upto six colours at a time.
3)Electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations.
4)Methods of feeding papar were improved and the quality of plates become better .
5)Automatic paper reels and photo electric control of colour registers were introduced.
6)The dust cover of book jacket was made.

Reading Mania

AS LITERACY AND SCHOOLS SPREAD IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ,THERE WAS A VIRTUAL READING MANIA;
1)By the end of the I8th century,literacy rates in Europe were as high as 60 to 80 %.
People wanted books to read and printers producedthem in ever increasing numbers.
2)Booksellers employed pedallers to sell the books .there were ballads,folktales etc.that reached the ordinary readers as well.
3)In England penny chap books were sold by chapman and in france billotheque bleue low priced books were sold so that even the poor could buy them.
4)Newspaper,journals writings of the thinkers.dicoveries of the scientist etc. became more accesible to the common people and thus influenced a wider circle of readers.

PRINT CULTURE CREATED THE CONDITIONS WITHIN WHICHTHE FRENCH REVOLUTION OCCURED.

1)Print popularised the idea of enlightened thinkers they argued for the rule of reason and rationality rather than custom .
They attacked the sacred authority of church and despotic power of state.
2)print created a new culture of dailogue and debate .
All existing ideas and beliefs began to be questioned by the public as such new ideas of social revolution came into being.
3)by 1780s ,there was an out pouring of literature that mocked the royality and critisized their morality .
cartoons and caricatures had an impact on thinking of people .
This led to hostile sentiments against monarchy.

Reaction of the church

REASON BEHIND ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH TO MAINTAIN AN INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS FROM 1558

1)print and populAr religious literature stimulated many distinctive individual interpretation of faith even among little educated working people.
2)in the 16th centurymanocchyi,a miller in italy,reinterprated the messages of bible that angered the roman catholic church.
3)tThe Roman church was troubled by such effects of popular reading and questioning of faith.
4)Hence,it imposed several contols over publishers and booksellers and began to maintain an index of prohibited books from 1558.

ERASMUS'S IDEA OF PRINTED BOOKS

1)Erasmus was a Latin scholar and a catholic reformer.
2)He critisized the excesses of catholicism.
3)He expressed deep concern about increasing influence of printing in 'ADAGES ' (1508).
4)He critisized the printing scandal ,irreligious,seditious books in large numbers .

Print revolution

PRINT REVOLUTION
1)Print revolution was the development in the printing.It was a new way of producing books.
2)It transformed the lives of people,changing their relationship to information and knowledge and with institution and authorities .it opened up new way of looking at thing.
3)Printing reduced the cost of books .Books could reach out to wider sections of people and thus a new culture of reading was created.
4)In Europe literacy rate was very low till 20th century,those who could not read books enjoyed listening to books being read out.
5)Popular ballads,folk tales with illustrations were published in large numbers.
Thehearing public and reading public became intermingled.


EFFECT OF EASILY AVAILABLE PRINTED BOOKS
1)There was a wide circulation of ideas through print thus it introduced a new world of debate and discussion.
2)It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and if people read them, rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread .This would destroy the authority of valuable literature.
3)e.g.in 1517 ,the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote ninety five thesis critisising many of the practices and rituals of roman catholic church.

decline of demand for manuscripts & devt.. of printing press

DECLINE OF DEMAND FOR HANDWRITTEN MANUSRIPT
1)As the demand for books increased ,booksellers all over europe began exporting books to many different countries.
2)The production of handwritten manuscript could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for book.
3)copying was an expensive, laborious and time consuming business.
4)Manuscrupt were fragile,difficult to handle and coulnd not be carried around or read easily ,their circulation therefore remained limited.

DEVLOPMENT OF PRESS BY GUTENBERG
1)Gutenberg was the son of merchant who developed the first known printing press in 1430.
2)From his childhood he had seen the wine and olive presses.
3)He had learnt the art of publishing stones ,became the master gold smith and also acquired the experise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets.
4)The olive press provided him the model for printing press and moulds were used for casting the metal types for the metals of the alphbets.
By1448 he perfected the system.

Demand for text books

INCREASE IN DEMAND OF TEXT BOOK
1)From the 16th century the number of candidates appearing for civil service examination went up and that increased the volume of print.
2)By th 17th century urban culture bloomed in china .Print was used by scholar officials ,merchants and woman in their evryday life.
3)Reading became a leisure activity.Fiction,poem,autobiographies,romantic play etc.were published.this new reading culture was accompnied by a new technology.
4)Western printing technologies presses were imported in the late 19th century to meet the increasing demand.
5)Shangai became the hub of new print culture.

VELLUM1)Vellum was a parchment made from skins of animals.2)It was expensive.3)it was meant for aristocratic circle and rich monastic.liberaries.

Printing in Japan & Europe

PRINTING IN JAPAN
1)Budhist missioneries from China introduced hand printing technology into Japan in AD 768-770
2)The oldest japaneese book is the daimond sutra.it contains six sheets of text and wood cut illustrations.
3)Books were cheap and abundant.
4)Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices.
5)Liberaries and bookstores were packed with hand printed material of vatious types-books on women,musical instrument,cooking etc .
PRINT IN EUROPE
1)In the 11th century Chineese paper reached Europe via silk route.
2)Paper made possible the production of manuscript which were carefully written by scribes.
3)In 1295,Marco polo,a great explorer return to Italy after many years of exploration in China .
4)He bought with him the technology of wood block printing with soon spread to other parts of Europe.

Print Culture And World

EARLIEST KIND OF OF PRINT TECHNOLOGY
1) The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China , Japan and Korea.
2) This was a system of hand printing.
3) Books in China were printed byrubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks.
4)Skilled craftmens would duplicate the books with beutiful calligraphy and accuracy.

Work, Life & leisure

Individualism was encouraged among bioThe characteristic features of ancient cities

1)Ancient cities could develop only when an increase in food supplies supported the non food producers.

2)These cities were larger in scale tnan the other human settlements.
They were often the centres of political power,trade & industry.
They supported various social groups such as artists,merchants & priests.




The difference between a metropolis & a city

A metropolis is a large densely populatedcity of a country or state,often the capitalof the region.It combines political & economic functions of all regions.e.g.Delhi,mumbai,kolkatta etc..
a city is a smaller urban centre with ltd.functions.e.g.Moradabad
The expansion of population of Lopndon from middle of the 18 century
The population of london multiplied fourfold from 1 million in 1810 to 4 million in 1880

The reasons for this are;
It was a centre of various activities.i.e.clerks,shopkeepers,skilled artisans,soldiers,servants,.street sellers.
Apart from the London dockyards,5 major types iof industries gave employment i.e. in clothing & footwear,wood & furniture,metals & eng.,Printing & stationary,watches & surgical instruments.
During the 1 world war the no; of large factories increased & employed large no; of people.

Steps taken by London authorities to curb crimes

As London grew crime flourished to curb it the authorities imposed high penalties.

Work was offered to those who were considered deserving poor.

The changes in the kind of work available to women Between 19th & 20th century& the factors leading to this change;

Women were employed in large nos; in factories in late18th & early 19th century.

Due to technological devts.women gradually lost their industrial jobs &
were forced to work elsewhere

Large no; of women became domestic servants & some women began to work from their homes-tailoring,matchbox making etc..
However there was a change in the beginning of 20th century when women got employment in wartime industries& offices They withdrew from domestic services.

The well-off londoness supported the need to build houses for the poor because

1) slums were not only harmful to the slum dwellers but they were also a threat to the public health

2) there worries were about fire hazards created by poor housing

3) there was a wide spread fear of social disorder , especially after the russian revolution in 1917

STEPS TAKEN TO CLEAN UP LONDON

A variety of steps were taken to clean up london

1)Attempts were made to decongest localities

2)trees were planted in open spaces to provide greenary

3)Steps were taken to control pollution and land scape the city

4)Large blocks of appartments were built

5)Rent control was introduced in Britain to ease the inpact of severe houses shortage

UNDERGROUND RAILWAY IN LONDON

Social changes in london due to under ground railway

1)London had developed as an idustrial city. It had developed beyond the range where people could walk to work

2)Living in healthy suburbs would not have been possible without developing the means of transport

3)So the underground railways were built to carry the large masses of the people from and to the cities

CRITISIZING OF UNDERGROUND RAILWAY

1)It was considered as meance to health

2)Many felt that it would add to the mess and unheathiness of the cities

3)Some pointed out towards the massive displacement of the London
poor and land degradation .

Eventually underground railway became a huge success.
It enabled large number people to live outside central
London and travel to work .

THE FUNCTION AND SHAPE OF THE FAMILY

THE FUNCTIONS AND SHAPE OF THE FAMILY WERE TOTALLY CHANGED BY LIFE IN INDUSTRIAL CITIES

1)The spirit of individualism was encouraged among both men and women and there was freedom of collective values

2)Ties between the households loosened and among the working class
The institution of marriage tended to break down

3)women of upper and middle classes faced higher level of isolation

4)Women lost their industrial jobs and were forced to withdraw into their homes

5)men and women didnot have equal access to urban space

FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENT

FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENT CAME UP IN THE 19TH CENTURY IN ENGLAND TO PROVIDE LESUIRE ACTIVITIES

1)For wealthy britishers , there was an annual London season where the elite people could enjoy several cultural events such as the opera classical music performances and the theater etc.

2)Working class used to move in pubs to have a drink ,exchange news and discuss political events

3)Establishment of libraries music and art gallaries provided
entertainment to the common people.

4)Spending holidays on the seashore and enjoying the sun and winds also provided the source of entertainment and lesiure

HAUSSMANIZATION

1)Haussmanization of Paris means that the new cityof paris was
designed by the chief architect Baron Haussmann . He rebuilt Paris in 17 years

2)straight , broad avenues and open spaces were designed and full
grown trees were transpalnted

3)One-fifth of the streets of paris were Haussmanization creation

4)Night parols were introduced bus shelters were built and taps was
introduced
ARGUMENTS IN SUPPORT OF HAUSSMANIZATION

1) The new city of Paris soon got converted into a civic pride as the new capital became the toast of all Europe.

2) It became the pub of many new architectures , social and intellectual developments.
Arguments against Haussmanization

1) About 3,50,000 people were evicted from the centre of Paris.

2) Some said that the city of Paris had been monstrously transformed.

3) Some lamented the passing of an earlier way of life and the development of an upper class culture.

4) Some believed that Haussman had killed the street and its life to produce an empty boring city.

EVENTS LEADING TO BLOODY SUNDAY

1) In 1986 the London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of poverty.

2) A similar riot occurred in 1987.it was brutually suppressed by the police in what camet be known as the Bloody Sunday of November 1987.

MAJOR REASONS FOR THE EXPANSION OF BOMBAY POPULATION IN MID 19TH CENTURY

The following reasons are responsible for the expansion of Bombay population-

1) Bombay became the capital of Bombay precidency in 1819.so it attracted more and more people.

2) With the growth of trade in cotton and opium,large communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.

3) Large number of people flowed in from the nearby areas specially from the Ratnagiri district to work in Bombay mills.

4) Introduction of railways encouraged higher scale of migrants to Bombay.

5) Famine in dry regions of Kutch drove large number of people into Bombay.

BOMBAY CAME INTO THE CONTROL OF BRITISH

In the 17th century Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control. In 1661, control of the islands passed into the British islands after the marriage of Britain king’s Charles II to the Portuguese Princess. The East India Company quickly shifted its base grom Surat to Bombay.

HOUSING PROBLEM IN BOMBAY IN 19TH CENTURY

1) With the rapid and unplanned and expansion of Bombay, the crisis of housing and water became acute by the mid-1850.

2) The arrival of textile mills also increased the pressure of Bombay
housing.

3) Richer Parsis, Muslims and upper class traders were living in spacious Bungalows where as more than 70%of the working people were living in thickly populated chawls of Bombay.

4) People who belonged todepressed classes found it even more difficult to find housing. They were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in temporary shelters.

STEPS TAKEN TO SOLVE THE HOUSING PROBLEM IN BOMBAY AND ITS RESULTS

1) The city of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898. it focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre

2) By 1918, Trust schemes had deprived 64,000 people of their homes, but only 14,000 were rehoused.

3) In 1918, a rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable, but it led to serve housing crisis because the landlords with drew houses from the market.

ISLAND RECLAMATION AND VAROUS PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN TO JOIN THE SEVEN ISLANDS OF BOMBAY

1) The reclaiming of marshy or submerged areas or other wasteland for settlements, cultivation or other use is called land reclamation.

2) The first project began in 1784 when Bombay Governor William Hornby approved the building of great sea all which prevented the flooding of low lying areas of Bombay.

3) In 1864, the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the western foreshare from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba.

4) A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust.it built a dry clock between 1914 and 1918 and used the excavated earth to create the 22-acre Ballard Estate.

5) Subsequently the famous Marine Drive was developed.

NEED FOR LAND RECLAMATION IN BOMBAY

1) Expansion of the city always posed problems in Bombay because of scarcity of land.

2) There was a need for additional commercial space in the mid 19th
century.
Thus several plans, both by government and private companies, were undertaken for the reclamation of more and more land from the sea.

BOMBAY FILMS

NUMBER OF BOMBAY FILMS WERE ABOUT THE LIVES OF THE MIGRANTS

1) Bombay is a city of migrants. Most of the film directors, producers, artists were themselves Migrants. So they were more familiar and interested in themes relating to them.

2) The migrants, especially the factory workers and other labours, led a pathetic life which could easily be converted into good theme for films.

3) So many films were made on the housing problems of migrants-clashes between tenants and owners of the chawls.

FIRST APPEARANCE OF BOMBAY FILM INDUSTRY

1) Harishchandra Sakharam shot a scene of wrestling in Bombay’s hanging eardens and it became India’s first movie in 1896.

2) In 1913 Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra.

3) In 1925, Bombay had become India’s film capital, producing films for
a national audience.

EFFECT OF LARGE URBAN POPULATION ON—

I a private landlord

1) As a result of industrialization, a large number of people from the rural areas moved to London thereby increasing the population many fold.

2) Private landlords stood to gain by selling their land to the needy people at higher rates. They built cheap tenants and rented them to the poor workers at high rents.

II A police superintendent incharge of law and order

1) The overcrowding of London led to the growth of crime in the city. thus, created a serious law and order for the police.

2) Many requirements of the workers for better wages, better housing facilities etc meant hard times for police to control the situation.

III Leader of political party

1) A large city population would result in various problems fr example-law and order political parties can easily take the crowd to agitate against the government.

2) Most of the political movements in the 19th century like the Charlist movement for the right to vote and ten hours movement were result of over crowding of London.

GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND NEW LAWS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF POLLUTION

The government tried to control the pollution problem through legislation. For example

i) Smoke Abatement Act of 1847 and 1853, in England

ii) Smoke nuincance legislation in 1863 in Calcutta.

The impact of these legislations was limited because-

1) Factory owners and steam engines owners did not want to replace or spend on machines for improvement.

2) Smoke was not easy to monitor or measure

3)Domestic smoke could not be controlled.

However in some places like Tollygunge in Bengal, the inspectors of the Bengal smoke nuisance commission managed to control the industrial smoke.