Work, Life & leisure

Individualism was encouraged among bioThe characteristic features of ancient cities

1)Ancient cities could develop only when an increase in food supplies supported the non food producers.

2)These cities were larger in scale tnan the other human settlements.
They were often the centres of political power,trade & industry.
They supported various social groups such as artists,merchants & priests.




The difference between a metropolis & a city

A metropolis is a large densely populatedcity of a country or state,often the capitalof the region.It combines political & economic functions of all regions.e.g.Delhi,mumbai,kolkatta etc..
a city is a smaller urban centre with ltd.functions.e.g.Moradabad
The expansion of population of Lopndon from middle of the 18 century
The population of london multiplied fourfold from 1 million in 1810 to 4 million in 1880

The reasons for this are;
It was a centre of various activities.i.e.clerks,shopkeepers,skilled artisans,soldiers,servants,.street sellers.
Apart from the London dockyards,5 major types iof industries gave employment i.e. in clothing & footwear,wood & furniture,metals & eng.,Printing & stationary,watches & surgical instruments.
During the 1 world war the no; of large factories increased & employed large no; of people.

Steps taken by London authorities to curb crimes

As London grew crime flourished to curb it the authorities imposed high penalties.

Work was offered to those who were considered deserving poor.

The changes in the kind of work available to women Between 19th & 20th century& the factors leading to this change;

Women were employed in large nos; in factories in late18th & early 19th century.

Due to technological devts.women gradually lost their industrial jobs &
were forced to work elsewhere

Large no; of women became domestic servants & some women began to work from their homes-tailoring,matchbox making etc..
However there was a change in the beginning of 20th century when women got employment in wartime industries& offices They withdrew from domestic services.

The well-off londoness supported the need to build houses for the poor because

1) slums were not only harmful to the slum dwellers but they were also a threat to the public health

2) there worries were about fire hazards created by poor housing

3) there was a wide spread fear of social disorder , especially after the russian revolution in 1917

STEPS TAKEN TO CLEAN UP LONDON

A variety of steps were taken to clean up london

1)Attempts were made to decongest localities

2)trees were planted in open spaces to provide greenary

3)Steps were taken to control pollution and land scape the city

4)Large blocks of appartments were built

5)Rent control was introduced in Britain to ease the inpact of severe houses shortage

UNDERGROUND RAILWAY IN LONDON

Social changes in london due to under ground railway

1)London had developed as an idustrial city. It had developed beyond the range where people could walk to work

2)Living in healthy suburbs would not have been possible without developing the means of transport

3)So the underground railways were built to carry the large masses of the people from and to the cities

CRITISIZING OF UNDERGROUND RAILWAY

1)It was considered as meance to health

2)Many felt that it would add to the mess and unheathiness of the cities

3)Some pointed out towards the massive displacement of the London
poor and land degradation .

Eventually underground railway became a huge success.
It enabled large number people to live outside central
London and travel to work .

THE FUNCTION AND SHAPE OF THE FAMILY

THE FUNCTIONS AND SHAPE OF THE FAMILY WERE TOTALLY CHANGED BY LIFE IN INDUSTRIAL CITIES

1)The spirit of individualism was encouraged among both men and women and there was freedom of collective values

2)Ties between the households loosened and among the working class
The institution of marriage tended to break down

3)women of upper and middle classes faced higher level of isolation

4)Women lost their industrial jobs and were forced to withdraw into their homes

5)men and women didnot have equal access to urban space

FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENT

FORMS OF ENTERTAINMENT CAME UP IN THE 19TH CENTURY IN ENGLAND TO PROVIDE LESUIRE ACTIVITIES

1)For wealthy britishers , there was an annual London season where the elite people could enjoy several cultural events such as the opera classical music performances and the theater etc.

2)Working class used to move in pubs to have a drink ,exchange news and discuss political events

3)Establishment of libraries music and art gallaries provided
entertainment to the common people.

4)Spending holidays on the seashore and enjoying the sun and winds also provided the source of entertainment and lesiure

HAUSSMANIZATION

1)Haussmanization of Paris means that the new cityof paris was
designed by the chief architect Baron Haussmann . He rebuilt Paris in 17 years

2)straight , broad avenues and open spaces were designed and full
grown trees were transpalnted

3)One-fifth of the streets of paris were Haussmanization creation

4)Night parols were introduced bus shelters were built and taps was
introduced
ARGUMENTS IN SUPPORT OF HAUSSMANIZATION

1) The new city of Paris soon got converted into a civic pride as the new capital became the toast of all Europe.

2) It became the pub of many new architectures , social and intellectual developments.
Arguments against Haussmanization

1) About 3,50,000 people were evicted from the centre of Paris.

2) Some said that the city of Paris had been monstrously transformed.

3) Some lamented the passing of an earlier way of life and the development of an upper class culture.

4) Some believed that Haussman had killed the street and its life to produce an empty boring city.

EVENTS LEADING TO BLOODY SUNDAY

1) In 1986 the London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of poverty.

2) A similar riot occurred in 1987.it was brutually suppressed by the police in what camet be known as the Bloody Sunday of November 1987.

MAJOR REASONS FOR THE EXPANSION OF BOMBAY POPULATION IN MID 19TH CENTURY

The following reasons are responsible for the expansion of Bombay population-

1) Bombay became the capital of Bombay precidency in 1819.so it attracted more and more people.

2) With the growth of trade in cotton and opium,large communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.

3) Large number of people flowed in from the nearby areas specially from the Ratnagiri district to work in Bombay mills.

4) Introduction of railways encouraged higher scale of migrants to Bombay.

5) Famine in dry regions of Kutch drove large number of people into Bombay.

BOMBAY CAME INTO THE CONTROL OF BRITISH

In the 17th century Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control. In 1661, control of the islands passed into the British islands after the marriage of Britain king’s Charles II to the Portuguese Princess. The East India Company quickly shifted its base grom Surat to Bombay.

HOUSING PROBLEM IN BOMBAY IN 19TH CENTURY

1) With the rapid and unplanned and expansion of Bombay, the crisis of housing and water became acute by the mid-1850.

2) The arrival of textile mills also increased the pressure of Bombay
housing.

3) Richer Parsis, Muslims and upper class traders were living in spacious Bungalows where as more than 70%of the working people were living in thickly populated chawls of Bombay.

4) People who belonged todepressed classes found it even more difficult to find housing. They were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in temporary shelters.

STEPS TAKEN TO SOLVE THE HOUSING PROBLEM IN BOMBAY AND ITS RESULTS

1) The city of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898. it focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre

2) By 1918, Trust schemes had deprived 64,000 people of their homes, but only 14,000 were rehoused.

3) In 1918, a rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable, but it led to serve housing crisis because the landlords with drew houses from the market.

ISLAND RECLAMATION AND VAROUS PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN TO JOIN THE SEVEN ISLANDS OF BOMBAY

1) The reclaiming of marshy or submerged areas or other wasteland for settlements, cultivation or other use is called land reclamation.

2) The first project began in 1784 when Bombay Governor William Hornby approved the building of great sea all which prevented the flooding of low lying areas of Bombay.

3) In 1864, the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the western foreshare from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba.

4) A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust.it built a dry clock between 1914 and 1918 and used the excavated earth to create the 22-acre Ballard Estate.

5) Subsequently the famous Marine Drive was developed.

NEED FOR LAND RECLAMATION IN BOMBAY

1) Expansion of the city always posed problems in Bombay because of scarcity of land.

2) There was a need for additional commercial space in the mid 19th
century.
Thus several plans, both by government and private companies, were undertaken for the reclamation of more and more land from the sea.

BOMBAY FILMS

NUMBER OF BOMBAY FILMS WERE ABOUT THE LIVES OF THE MIGRANTS

1) Bombay is a city of migrants. Most of the film directors, producers, artists were themselves Migrants. So they were more familiar and interested in themes relating to them.

2) The migrants, especially the factory workers and other labours, led a pathetic life which could easily be converted into good theme for films.

3) So many films were made on the housing problems of migrants-clashes between tenants and owners of the chawls.

FIRST APPEARANCE OF BOMBAY FILM INDUSTRY

1) Harishchandra Sakharam shot a scene of wrestling in Bombay’s hanging eardens and it became India’s first movie in 1896.

2) In 1913 Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra.

3) In 1925, Bombay had become India’s film capital, producing films for
a national audience.

EFFECT OF LARGE URBAN POPULATION ON—

I a private landlord

1) As a result of industrialization, a large number of people from the rural areas moved to London thereby increasing the population many fold.

2) Private landlords stood to gain by selling their land to the needy people at higher rates. They built cheap tenants and rented them to the poor workers at high rents.

II A police superintendent incharge of law and order

1) The overcrowding of London led to the growth of crime in the city. thus, created a serious law and order for the police.

2) Many requirements of the workers for better wages, better housing facilities etc meant hard times for police to control the situation.

III Leader of political party

1) A large city population would result in various problems fr example-law and order political parties can easily take the crowd to agitate against the government.

2) Most of the political movements in the 19th century like the Charlist movement for the right to vote and ten hours movement were result of over crowding of London.

GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND NEW LAWS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM OF POLLUTION

The government tried to control the pollution problem through legislation. For example

i) Smoke Abatement Act of 1847 and 1853, in England

ii) Smoke nuincance legislation in 1863 in Calcutta.

The impact of these legislations was limited because-

1) Factory owners and steam engines owners did not want to replace or spend on machines for improvement.

2) Smoke was not easy to monitor or measure

3)Domestic smoke could not be controlled.

However in some places like Tollygunge in Bengal, the inspectors of the Bengal smoke nuisance commission managed to control the industrial smoke.