women,Poor & the Print culture

ULLAMA
1)Ulama were the legal scholars of islam and sharia .
2)they were deeply anxious about thye collapse of muslim dynasty
3)to counter their fear. they used cheap lithograohic presses, published by persian and urdu translation of holy scriptures and printed religious newspaper and tracts.
4)the deo band seminary publisged thousand of fatwas telling muslim readers how to conduct themself in their every day life and explained the meaning of islamic doctraines.
WOMEN AND PRINT CULTURE

1) With the spread of print culture ,womens reading increased due to education at home and later on women's school.
2)Womens writes books about their problem.
3) It was basically the print the print culture which helped the women
4)Novels in urdu ,tamil,bengali and marathi were published.

POOR AND PRINT CULTURE

1) In the 19th century, with the spread if education reading had increased among the poor people also.
2) Cheap small books were published for them.
3) Public libraries were set up expanding the access to books.
4) The problems of the poor people began to be written and published. For eg. Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustices of caste system in Gulamgiri.
5) The books highlighting the exploitation of the poor people were read all over India.
6) Social reformers tried to improve the condition of poor workers through print.

Reformers and Print Culture

1) In the 19th century, printing helped the social and religious reformers to bring reforms in the Indian Society.
2) They took up the matter like widow immolation, monotheism, priest hood idolatry, caste system etc. through books, newspapers, journals and magazines.
3) In North India muslims published thousands of fatwas telling readers how to conduct themselves in everyday life and explained the meaning of Islamic doctrine.
4) Religious and social reformers could spread their message to a wide circle of people through print media. This encouraged discussions and debates in the society.
VERNACULAR PRESS ACT
1) Vernaculr Act was passed in 1878 modelled on the Irish press laws.
2) It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
3) The govt. kept regular track of newspapers and if a reports was judeged seditious, the newspaper was warned.
4) If the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA
1) Print culture played an important role in the growth of nationalism in India,Vernacular newspapers became nationalist; Although the Vernacular Press Act was passed, nationalist newspapers grew in number, in all parts of India.
2) They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities.
3) Theere were protests all over India When Balgangadhar Tilak was imprisoned for his articles in Kesari.
4) People all over India became aware of the Colonial misrule.
Thus print media helped to instill the feeling of nationalism among Indians.